Based on a typical recompression Brayton cycle, a thermodynamic model was established for a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) power generation cycle, and analyses were conducted on the influence of key parameters on the system performance. Through design optimization by applying genetic algorithm, the maximum efficiency of system and corresponding operation parameters were obtained. Results show that, a higher system cycle efficiency can be obtained when the inlet temperature and pressure of main compressor are close to the critical point and the inlet temperature of turbine is higher. With the increase of the pressure ratio of main compressor, the cycle efficiency increases at first and then decreases, while there is an optimal pressure ratio. Research results can serve as a technical reference for the engineering application of sCO₂ power generation technology.

Grid-connected inverter is the core of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) conversion, and its performance is directly related to the efficiency of grid-connected photovoltaic and the power quality of the power system. However, during the long-term service of the inverter, the instability factors such as DC voltage fluctuation and power grid disturbance put forward higher requirements for the control strategy of the inverter. The voltage and current closed-loop control mechanism and its equivalent model of three-phase inverter were analysed systematically, and the strong robust closed-loop control strategy was proposed by combining the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and feedforward control idea. At the same time, based on the equivalent model and power consumption, the design of inductance and capacitance in the filter circuit was improved. Finally, a complete simulation circuit model was built by using MATLAB Simulink software, and the performance of closed-loop control circuit and the filtering effect of filter were analysed comprehensively. Results show that, the disturbance removal time of the control strategy does not exceed 0.02 s, and it has good synchronization between output voltage and current. The harmonic distortion rate of the output voltage and current of the inverter is less than 1%, and the power quality of the three-phase voltage and current is good.

The flow rate and system resistance are not matched with the characteristics of the induced draft fans in thermal power units under low load condition for deep peak regulation, leading to the vibration of fans is more sensitive to external disturbance and its own state change. To solve the problem that the vibration exceeded the limit of an axial flow induced draft fan with adjustable rotor blade under low load condition, according to the vibration characteristics and the feedback effect of vibration treatment, it is investigated that following reasons existed, such as a larger vibration in power frequency caused by an unbalance effect on the impeller of the induced draft fan, a larger vibration in frequency doubling and a fluctuation of fan vibration with the change of operation condition caused by the insufficiency and asymmetry of support stiffness. The vibration of induced draft fan with different openings of rotor blade has been finally controlled within a reasonable level through decreasing the amount of unbalance by field dynamic balancing test, adding welding ribs, and increasing the support stiffness with secondary grouting reconstruction.

Using ethanol hydration modified calcium oxide as the adsorbent, the influence of different modification parameters on the dechlorination effect was studied in a fixed bed experimental device, and analyses were conducted on the kinetics of HCl adsorption experimental results. Afrter which, the nonlinear fitting was carried out for the experimental data by five apparent kinetic models. Researches results show that, the order of fitting effect is Bangham model, quasi-second-order model, Elovich model, quasi-first-order model and particle internal diffusion model. The process of mass transfer and diffusion always has a significant influence on HCl adsorption, which is the key control step. In the initial stage of reaction, when the surface-active site is not occupied and the internal pore is not blocked, the external mass transfer process is the dominant control step. In the middle stage of reaction, because the original developed pore structure is blocked by the product layer, the diffusion resistance in the particles become the dominant factor in HCl adsorption process. Meanwhile, the chemical reaction in surface always plays a leading role in HCl adsorption process.

For an ultra-supercritical unit with a back pressure steam turbine for heat supply, researches were conducted on the unit with deep peak regulation under different heat supply modes. Through theoretical calculations, the economic benefits of the back pressure turbine under operational and non-operational modes during deep peak regulation conditions were analysed, while comparisons and analyses were conducted on the economic benefits of the steam from the back pressure turbine for the regenerative heating system and directly for external heat supply. Result show that the comprehensive economic benefit of the back pressure turbine under operational mode in low load is increased by 198 400 yuan per year compared with under non-operational mode. The unit heat rate of the back pressure turbine for the regenerative heating system is improved by 171.83 kJ/(kW·h) under 50% load compared with directly for external heat supply.Under deep peak regulation condition, the method of the back pressure turbine directly for external heat supply can be adopted when the flow rate for heat supply is higher than the minimum flow rate at the back pressure turbine inlet, and the method of the back pressure turbine for the regenerative heating system can be adopted when the flow rate for heat supply is lower than the minimum flow rate at the back pressure turbine inlet. Finally, the flexibility of unit operation can be improved with the back pressure turbine put into operation under deep peak regulation condition.

To optimize the operation strategy of combined heat and power unit under different deep peak regulation conditions and electricity price periods, methods such as mathematical modelling, deep coupling, and intelligent optimization were adopted for research. The study found that during single unit operation, when the peak regulation assessment price is higher, the heat-supply amount can be appropriately increased, so as to balance profits and avoid negative profit situations at certain nodes. Profits vary significantly under different peak regulation periods: the profit of low load operation is prior to that of high load operation during heat-supply period, while the priority dispatch of power generation can obtain higher profits during non heat-supply period. Further researches were conducted on load distribution based on single unit research. Results reveal that, the coal consumption rate of double units operation is higher than that of single unit operation under same operation conditions. However, due to the support from peak regulation compensation policies, the profit of double units operation is much higher than that of single unit operation. Researches on the coupling of electricity price policies show that, the profit can be significantly increased with the high load operation of the unit during peak electricity price period, while the unit should be avoided to operate near peak regulation load nodes during valley electricity price period, so as to prevent serious losses. Research findings can provide a scientific basis for optimizing the dispatch of combined heat and power units.

A new type of drainage device selected for the gland steam condenser in a domestic new-built power generation unit was introduced, detail analyses were conducted on its composition, structure, and working principle, while comparisons were carried out between this device and the traditional gland steam condenser (adopting multistage water sealing). It is concluded that this device has the advantages of simpler equipment operation, stronger adaptability to back pressure, higher safety of the equipment itself and the unit, as well as being beneficial for the operation of air-cooled condenser units and peak regulation units. Based on above researches, a further energy-saving retrofit scheme of "zero leakage" of gland steam condenser was proposed. By optimizing the interface position with changing the installation height of internal pipelines, it is estimated to save an annual cost of 3 600 yuan in desalinated water production for the power plant.

Taking the thermal control reliability check of a thermal power unit as an example, analyses were conducted on the reliability of single point signal in the protection and interlock of main and auxiliary engines in the unit, so as to identify the risk of equipment misoperation and refusal-operation, and corresponding improvement measures were put forward subsequently. Using case analysis method, the function of single point signal in protection, interlock, start-stop permit and so on was analysed by taking master fuel trip (MFT) signal and air preheater full stop MFT protection signal as examples. It is found that the single point signal not only has the problem of refusal-operation or misoperation in main engines protection, but also has similar problems of the protection and interlock of important auxiliary engines, which will lead to a serious impact on the safe operation of the unit. In view of the problems found, some suggestions were proposed to improve the reliability of single point signal logic, such as adding the same type of redundant single point signal to form redundant logic, adding different types of single point signals to form redundant logic, and cancelling or changing the limit of single point signal to start.

During the routine inspection of major maintenance in a nuclear power plant, it was discovered that the flange bolts of outer heat shield and inner sleeve of the main pump cooling system had fractured during operation. Macroscopic observation, chemical composition analysis, vickers hardness test, metallographic inspection, and energy spectrum analysis were conducted on the fractured flange bolts. The reasons of the fracture were analysed in combination with the operating environment of main pump flange bolts. Results show that, the failure mode of the bolts is low-cycle fatigue fracture. In normal operation, temperature cycle changes and mechanical constraints form the two necessary conditions for fatigue fracture failure of bolts. In order to ensure the reliable operation of the main pump cooling system in the nuclear power plant, it is recommended to shorten the inspection cycle of bolts from 5 years to 2-3 years.

Taking two commonly used blades types of adjustment baffles in practical engineering as research examples, analyses with 3D modelling were conducted by applying finite element software. Comparisons were carried out between the resistance characteristics and adjustment performance of two types of adjustment baffles through flow field analysis; meanwhile, comparisons were carried out between the stresses and deformations of two types of adjustment baffles through mechanical property analysis. Results show that, the flat plate blade baffle has better adjustment performance than the streamlined blade baffle, while the streamlined blade baffle has better mechanical property performance than the flat plate blade baffle.

To clarify the actual thermal performance of a 660 MW coal-fired unit under deep peak regulation condition with 30% rated load, thermal performance tests were conducted in accordance with relevant testing standards. The test results show that, the boiler thermal efficiency and steam turbine heat rate of the unit under this condition are 92.81% and 8 529.4 kJ/(kW·h), respectively. The gross coal consumption rate is 317.1 g/(kW·h), which is equivalent to the design value [316.3 g/(kW·h)]. By using a deviation analysis method, it is determined that the main reason for the lower boiler thermal efficiency compared to the design value is the high actual flue gas loss. Although the efficiencies of the high, medium, and low pressure cylinders of the steam turbine have decreased to varying degrees, the overall steam turbine heat rate is still better than the design value due to the actual back pressure of the unit being significantly lower than the design value. Based on the test results, it is inferred that the error of gross coal consumption rate calculated by positive balance method is mainly due to sampling, preparation, and analysis errors of coal and the statistical error of coal consumption measurement device. Compared with the 50% rated load condition, the operation safety of the unit under the deep peak regulation condition is decreased, the auxiliary power rate of the unit is increased by 3.45 percentage points, the boiler thermal efficiency is reduced by 1.72 percentage points, and the steam turbine heat rate is increased by 157.5 kJ/(kW·h). The research results provide a reference for similar units to master the thermal performance under deep peak regulation condition.

Aiming at the variable-diameter and variable-pitch spiral shaft structure in the biomass fuel compression and conveying equipment, a parametric calculation model was established through the analysis of its compression and conveying mechanism. A 14 inches spiral shaft was taken as an example to design the structure, and the compression and conveying process of corn stalk was numerically simulated. Finally, the compression and conveying performance of the spiral shaft was further verified by prototype test. In numerical simulation, the compression ratio of corn stalk reaches 2.408. The experimental results of corn stalk compression and conveying show that the compression and conveying effect of the variable-diameter and variable-pitch spiral shaft structure designed by the parametric calculation model is good, which is in line with the expected standard of corn stalk compression and conveying. The design method using parametric calculation model has certain feasibility and can be extended.

To establish a broadly applicable design framework of fuel flow control method for an F-class gas turbine, researches were conducted on the total fuel flow control design, fuel distribution control loops design, Wobbe index adjustment, and pressure regulation valve design, a general control method of gas turbine fuel flow was formed, and the simulation verification of fuel flow control strategy was completed. Results show that, based on the proposed fuel flow control strategy, the fuel flow control effect of this F-class gas turbine can be realized under all conditions from ignition, warm-up, acceleration, grid-connection, load ramp-up to full load. Research results can serve as a reference for the design and improvement of relevant control algorithms for F-class gas turbine fuel flow, further supporting the efficient, stable, and safe operation of the gas turbine.

Using the finite element method, a model was established for the persistent leakage phenomenon occurring during load variation at the split-plane end of the high-pressure cylinder in a Russian-made nuclear power steam turbine, the influence of factors such as load level, bolt preload, and external shaft gland insulation on the leakage was significantly researched. Firstly, a finite element model of the high-pressure cylinder end was developed to analyse the impact of load level variations on the steam supply parameters of the shaft glands, and subsequently, the variation rule of the contact pressure at the split-plane end of the high-pressure cylinder under different loads was discussed. Secondly, the influence of bolt preload on the distribution of contact pressure was investigated. Finally, based on research findings, a solution involving external pressurized sealing was proposed, and a simulation body and sealing fixture for the end of the high-pressure cylinder were designed. Results show that bolt preload has a significant local impact on the contact pressure but has a relatively minor direct impact on the leakage area, while the external shaft gland insulation can improve the end contact condition to a certain extent. When the gap between the sealing fixture and the cylinder wall is less than 0.2 mm, the internal pressure within the simulation body of cylinder can be effectively maintained. While field implementation effects can further validate this conclusion.

By using macroscopic inspection, chemical composition analysis, fracture analysis, metallo-graphic inspection and mechanical property test methods, the fracture position of Inconel 718 alloy valve stem of a supercritical 600 MW unit was analysed. The specific improvement suggestions were given through failure causes analysis. Results show that, the chemical composition, metallographic structure, hardness and impact properties of the valve stem can meet the requirements. The grain structure of the valve stem sample is slightly coarse, with many inclusions and mainly carbides, and the tensile property parameters are lower than the standard value. The reason for the valve stem fracture failure is that the strength of the material is insufficient. Meanwhile, the groove root and screw thread groove on the component are stress concentration points. Under the action of stress, the groove root cracks will be generated and then be expanded, leading to the fracture.

After switching the heating mode of a steam turbine in a gas-steam combined cycle unit, there was a sudden increase in vibration of the low-pressure rotor of the steam turbine, prompting an emergency switch back to the previous mode. Through the analysis of changes of operation parameters before and after the incident, the preliminary determination of the incident cause was the change in steam admission parameters of the low-pressure cylinder after mode switching. To solve this problem, the set value for the exhaust steam pressure of the intermediate-pressure cylinder was adjusted, and another mode switching test was conducted. During this test, the changes in steam admission parameters of the low-pressure cylinder were reduced, and there was no significant change in vibration after mode switching. This case can serve as a reference for analysing other similar incidents.

The working principle and force analysis of the buckstay corner components for supercritical boiler were mainly introduced, including the design of buckstay corner components for vertical water wall tube and spiral water wall tube, and the requirements for field installation of corner components were described. Results show that, the design of corner components should pay attention to the size and quantity of parts, the length of weld and the height of welding foot, and the size match of pin and pin hole. During the installation of corner components, welding should be performed according to the drawings to avoid missing welding.

According to the leakage fault of high-pressure cylinder of a condensing steam turbine, the change of through-flow parameters during the fault process was analysed, the steam flow rates of different stage groups were calculated by Flugel formula, and the steam leakage was estimated. Additionally, the leakage process was simplified to isentropic expansion process, the irregularity of the leakage point was ignored, the leakage point was equivalent to an ideal nozzle, and the flow rate of the ideal nozzle was calculated. Results show that, the error between the estimation result of Flugel formula and the leakage of the dropped plug is within the allowable range of engineering. The research results provide a novel computational approach for fault calculation in turbine through-flow components, diverging from conventional methods which only use Flugel formula for flow rate estimation. The difference of flow rate of different stage groups is innovatively used to calculate the leakage of through-flow abnormal part. This method provides a functional assistance for fault location and fault component determination.

For the sliding gap between the diaphragm and the groove center caused by the deformation of the high and medium pressure cylinders body in steam turbines after a long period operation, a multi-point data measuring device that can measure data of the cylinder and the diaphragm-groove center under the full load condition with combined high and medium pressure cylinders was designed, and the measuring effect of the device was verified by field test. Actual application results show that the device can make the main shaft precisely stay at the ideal angular position, and accurately measure the gap data by laser detector head. Compared with the reference value, the average deviation is within 0.01 mm. By applying this device, the measure time is decreased effectively, the accuracy and success rate of one successful adjustment at the first time are improved, and the safety and economy of unit are improved.

With the increase of boiler capacity, the number of columns required also increases. This leads to an increase in the amount of data in the basic load table, which puts higher demands on work efficiency. By extracting the node support reaction force information from the Anl file generated by the post-processing of the steel structure model in the STAAD.Pro software, combining the relevant data of the Tekla software model, and setting the relevant parameters of the user interface (UI), an intelligent program was designed to generate the specified form basic load table efficiently and with high quality. Results show that, the program realizes the intelligent data conversion between STAAD.Pro and Tekla softwares, and significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of basic load design in boiler steel structure design.

According to the requirements of the American specification ASCE/SEI 7-22 for the fundamental period of structure, the fundamental period of boiler structural support steel was calculated by traditional approximate formula and structural analysis method based on STAAD.Pro software, and the fundamental periods of boiler structural support steel of different units were compared. Results show that, for the structural support steel of suspended boiler, the fundamental period calculated by the approximate formula method is shorter, and the fundamental period calculated by the STAAD.Pro software is longer than that obtained by the approximate formula. The fundamental period of boiler structural support steel is about 2 s for units with center support frame system, height of 70-100 m and capacity of 300-1 000 MW, which is similar to the calculation result of 1.4 times approximate formula. In the preliminary design stage, the 1.4 times approximate formula can be used to calculate the fundamental period for seismic design of large power plant boiler structural support steel. This method can not only ensure the safety and rationality of structural design, but also has good economic benefits.

Based on the system modelling with AFT software, for the reheat steam piping with the traditional double-piping layout in an ultra-supercritical unit, researches were conducted on the temperature change of the two sides of left and right outlet pipes in the boiler header, and the influence on the steam temperature and pressure parameters of the two sides of left and right inlet pipes in steam turbine, while corresponding optimization schemes were proposed. Research results show that, the steam temperature deviation could not be controlled with the application of the traditional double-piping layout, while the steam temperature deviation of steam turbine two sides could be well controlled by the optimized double-piping layout with mixing temperature design, which is conductive to the safe and reliable operation of steam turbine.

The frame structure of the wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) is equipped with a plate reinforcement structure on the outside to form a flue gas channel. When using finite element software for analysis, the setting of the plate reinforcement structure can fully consider the contribution of the plate to the overall structural stiffness, thereby achieving more reasonable design optimization. However, common finite element software does not provide specification verification for plates, so it is necessary to further verify the reliability of the calculation results. By comparing the results of theoretical static calculation and finite element software calculation, the design method of the WESP structure was discussed. Results show that, after making reasonable assumptions about the combined section, the static calculation results coincide with the finite element calculation results, which provides an effective supplement and verification for the application of finite element design.

In view of the abnormal vibration phenomenon during commissioning of a coaxial drive feed water pump turbine equipped with Vorecon transmission equipment, the bearing vibration, start-up process parameters, dynamic and static friction fault mechanism and Vorecon lubricating oil pressure were analysed. Calculation and analysis results show that the abnormal vibration is caused by many factors, including the low load of shafting, dynamic and static friction and oil film instability. To solve these problems, a series of measures were taken, including increasing the shaft seal temperature, extending the warming-up running-in time, reducing the lubricating oil pressure, and shortening the operation time of the coaxial feed water pump. Results show that, compared with the first start-up of the unit, the amplitudes of bearing No.1, 2 and 3 and Vorecon input shaft decrease from 164.08, 283.92, 217.48, 110 μm to 19.90, 24.47, 22.15, 47 μm respectively, and the abnormal vibration phenomenon is eliminated. The vibration data of each bearing are normal under no-load, low-load and full-load operation conditions.

A simulation method for the condensate water throttling dynamic process in coal-fired units based on Dymola software was proposed. For a 350 MW supercritical unit, a dynamic simulation of the condensation water throttling process under automatic generation control (AGC) condition was conducted. The dynamic process and primary control and regulation model of the coal-fired unit was developed, and the accuracy of the model was verified. By simulating the impact of the condensate water throttling on the dynamic characteristics of the coal-fired unit, the response rates of the coordinated control system (CCS) lifting and lowering loads of 90% and 75% thermal heat acceptance (THA) conditions were compared with those of the traditional CCS lifting and lowering loads under the condensate water throttling conditions. The simulation results indicate that the CCS involving condensate water throttling can respond quickly to the lifting and lowering load commands, and the load response rate of the unit is significantly higher than that in the traditional coordinated case. Additionally, the condensate water throttling process has minimal effects on the main steam and reheated steam temperature/pressure of the unit.

The deformation of the high-medium pressure inner cylinder of a supercritical 660 MW unit steam turbine under working conditions was analysed and calculated using the finite element method. The radial deformation at different axial positions of the cylinder was obtained, and improvement and optimization measures were proposed. The analysis results show that under steady-state operating conditions, the radial deformation of the cylinder exhibits a vertical elliptical shape in the middle section and more flattened ellipses at both ends, with higher ellipticity at the ends. After analysing the causes of deformation and adopting improvement measures, the radial deformation ellipticity of the cylinder is significantly reduced. The maximum reduction in ellipticity is 60% in the high-pressure section and 90% in the medium-pressure section. The maximum ellipticity is reduced from -1.47 mm to -0.34 mm. The improvement is evident and beneficial for the design and adjustment of the steam seal clearance.

In order to explore the influence of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ boundaries in the weld of TP347H/12Cr1MoV dissimilar metal welded joint after high temperature aging treatment on the microstructure and properties of the joint, CALPHAD method was employed, and Thermo-Calc software was utilized to study the equilibrium phase composition and precipitate behavior of the welded joints. The simulation results from Thermo-Calc software indicate that, under the same temperature at 600-800 ℃, the carbon activity in each alloy decreases in the order of 12Cr1MoV, weld, and TP347H. Considering the activity factor, the direction of carbon migration is from 12Cr1MoV to the weld at first and then to TP347H, which is consistent with the actual results of carbon migration. Additionally, the TP347H/12Cr1MoV welded joint was subjected to isothermal aging treatment at 650 ℃ for 1 500 h, then the microstructures and precipitate characteristics of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ boundaries were analysed using metallographic microstructure observation, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Results show that, the weld microstructure consists of a mixture of cellular and dendritic crystals. The solidification mode of the weld in the TP347H/12Cr1MoV welded joint is primarily the austenitic A-type solidification mode. After aging treatment, Cr-rich and Nb-rich phases appear in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ boundaries of TP347H and weld interface.

Based on the gas turbine performance model and combined with field temperature data and gas turbine performance test data, an economic model was established to predict the monthly and hourly variations of the unit output power, exhaust temperature and fuel flow rate more accurately. Through calculations using the economic model, the average monthly revenue of the entire project after replacing natural gas with membrane separation tail gas is approximately 48.523 2 million yuan, indicating significant economic benefits. Replacing natural gas with membrane separation tail gas as fuel not only achieves efficient operation of gas turbines, but also ensures the green utilization of membrane separation tail gas.

To solve the problem that the negative pressure of gas turbine lubricating oil tank in existing units needed to be adjusted frequently, a scheme was proposed for optimizing the transformation of gas turbine lubricating oil exhaust fan by variable frequency conversion, and investigations were conducted on the remote adjustment effect of the negative pressure of lubricating oil tank in gas turbine within full load range. Operation data show that the negative pressure can be flexibly and accurately controlled within the specified value range after the variable frequency conversion, thus reducing the fire risk of gas turbine, improving the stability of lubricating oil exhaust system, reducing the power consumption rate of the plant, and achieving the purpose of energy saving and consumption reduction.

The finite element method was employed to simulate the working condition of the high-pressure and intermediate-pressure integrated inner casing of a 660 MW supercritical unit steam turbine under hydrostatic test conditions. The hydrostatic test plan and the bolt tightening force requirements were determined. Moreover, the hot-tightening nut rotation angle during installation was derived through practical application, forming a complete design and analysis process for the hydrostatic test of high-parameter cylinders. Through optimized design, the plan ensures the structural strength safety of the cylinders while effectively meeting the sealing requirements of the hydrostatic test. The research results provide a reference for the hydrostatic test of other high-parameter units.

The electronic weighing coal feeder is an important auxiliary equipment in thermal power plants. Once a fault occurs, it will seriously affect the operation of the entire unit. The evaluation method of equipment health status can accurately reflect the status of the coal feeder and predict the future status of the equipment. By analysing the functions and common failures of the coal feeder, a health status evaluation model for the coal feeder was established. Combined with an expert knowledge base, a quantitative model integrating deviation and fluctuation indicators was proposed, and a comprehensive weighting method was used to calculate the health index of coal feeder equipment. Taking the CS2024 coal feeder as an example for testing and analysis, the results show that this method has high accuracy, practical value, and guiding significance in practical applications, and can provide a reference for the subsequent health status evaluation of electronic weighing coal feeders.

Focusing on medium-temperature and medium-pressure superheated steam power generation technology, the working principles and characteristics of two currently more mature technologies were introduced in detail. Taking a low-concentration gas oxidation device that produces superheated steam as the research object, specific plans were developed using these two power generation technologies, and a comparative analysis was conducted from both economic and technical perspectives. The research results show that plan 1 is superior to plan 2 in terms of technical feasibility, economic cost, and comprehensive benefit, and it is more suitable for application in the field of superheated steam power generation of low-concentration gas oxidation devices. The findings can serve as a reference for the equipment selection and technologies application.

The impact of adopting an integrated steam chamber structure in the cylinder on stiffness and flange sealing was discussed. Through finite element calculations and analyses, compared with the conventional independent steam chamber structure, the integrated design can not only significantly reduce the deformation of the cylinder upper arch, avoid the friction between the steam chamber seal and the rotor during operation, but also reduce the deformation of the opening at the upper cylinder steam chamber, and solve the problem of performance reduction of the flange sealing caused by deformation. Cylinders with an integrated steam chamber structure can meet the requirements for long-term, efficient, and safe operation of the unit and also provide an engineering example for designing steam turbines with higher extraction steam pressures.

During the pyrolysis process of large-sized biomass particles, significant temperature gradients develop within the particles, which have an important impact on the heat transfer and reaction processes. Centimeter-scale biomass spheres were used as the research subject. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of heating gas flow rate, temperature, and particle diameter on the internal temperature distribution, heat transfer characteristics, and weight loss rate/reaction time during pyrolysis. Results show that the temperature distribution along the particle diameter in the flow direction is U-shaped. Compared with the flow rate and temperature of the heating gas, the particle size has a more significant influence on the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis time required for a particle with a diameter of 30 mm is 10.31 times that of a particle with a diameter of 5 mm. A weight loss model for particle pyrolysis based on back propagation (BP) neural network was established, which can effectively reduce computational costs while accurately predicting the heat transfer and reaction characteristics during the pyrolysis process. This approach is importance for the control of the pyrolysis process and the design of pyrolysis reactors.

Taking a waste heat retrofit project of a 1 000 MW coal-fired unit in southern China as an example, and combining heat pump and air preheater bypass waste heat utilization technology, the waste heat in flue gas was deeply coupled with the waste heat in closed-loop cooling water to maximize the utilization of low-grade waste heat in closed-loop cooling water. Under design condition, the net coal consumption rate can be reduced by 3.87 g/(kW·h), with 0.25 g/(kW·h) of savings attributed to the waste heat in closed-loop cooling water. Under winter condition, the net coal consumption rate can be reduced by 3.16 g/(kW·h), with 1.34 g/(kW·h) of savings attributed to the waste heat in closed-loop cooling water. The static payback period for this retrofit scheme is 2.1 years. The economic performance of the unit can be effectively improved by utilizing low-grade waste heat to replace the high-grade steam thermal energy of steam air heater.

Based on the business application scenarios of the electric power design industry， the digital and intelligent upgrading paths of the industry were deeply analyzed. Firstly， the significance of the artificial intelligence （AI） leadership system and the plan for its establishment were elaborated. Secondly， the AI multi-application scenarios covering administrative office work， business management， design production， and customer service were built according to the characteristics of the enterprise. Through the application of AI， enterprises can comprehensively enhance design quality and work efficiency. In the technical implementation aspect， the principles， characteristics and typical applications of the current mainstream large model modes were analyzed， and the selection and implementation principles for electric power design enterprises were given. A systematic AI technology application framework is conducive to improving the design quality and efficiency of enterprises， and has reference significance for the digital transformation and upgrading of the traditional electric power design industry.

With the development of large steam turbine generator sets towards greater capacity，the lubricating oil system，as a key auxiliary system，faces new challenges in terms of reliability. The common issues in the commissioning process of the lubricating oil system were systematically analyzed， including low oil pressure， delayed interlocking of oil pumps， lag in pressure signals， and abnormal system vibration. In response to these issues，system improvements were carried out through measures such as optimizing the starting mode of the direct current oil pump，improving the high-level oil supply system，enhancing the pressure measurement system，and applying intelligent vibration control. The practical application effect of a 530 MW unit shows that after the improvement，the minimum oil pressure of the system increases by 132%，the dynamic response time shortens by 40%，and the amplitude of pressure fluctuation decreases by 37.5%.

To systematically solve the overtemperature problem of the converters in aged wind turbine generator sets， taking a 1.5 MW wind turbine generator set that has been in operation for more than 10 years as an example， a cooling system renovation plan was proposed based on the existing main defects and faults of the converter system of this type of wind turbine generator set， combined with the cooling and heat dissipation methods. Through the comparison and analysis of the measured data of the unit before and after the renovation， it is confirmed that the renovation measures can effectively reduce the operating temperature of the frequency converter， significantly reduce the frequency of faults， and significantly improve the operational reliability of the wind turbine generator set. Practice experience has proved that the two-phase flow heat dissipation technology applied in the renovation is mature， reliable， and economically viable.

After the major overhaul of a 350 MW steam turbine unit， abnormal vibration occurred at both ends of the steam turbine shaft system. By analyzing the vibration mechanism through spectrum analysis and adjusting the data through experiments， it is found that the high and medium pressure rotors produce unstable vibration under the combined action of steam flow disturbance force and unbalanced centrifugal force. The vibration value is reduced through fine dynamic balance adjustment. Due to insufficient stiffness of the end bearing， the rotor of the exciter undergoes a vibration step change under the influence of unbalanced excitation force. By increasing the load on the end bearing and reducing the unbalanced excitation force， the unstable vibration problem of the exciter rotor is effectively solved.

Under the dual carbon policy framework， the new power system introduces new flexibility requirements for coal-fired power units，including rapid start-stop operations and deep peak regulation. During deep peak regulation，the rapid load fluctuations of units lead to substantial variations in water-steam flow rates and steam parameters. This significantly complicates the maintenance of water-steam quality control and increases the risks of stress corrosion fatigue on thermal equipment，thereby threatening the safe and stable operation of the units. A systematic analysis was conducted on how the deep peak regulation process affects steam-water parameters and quality control，as well as corrosion and scaling in thermal equipment，and the underlying causes of these issues were examined. Six major problems were summarized，including inadequate feedwater control and increased steam carryover，corrosion and scaling of the furnace heating surfaces and hydrodynamic instability，abnormal fluctuations in steam temperature，intensified water erosion of the final stage blades of the steam turbine，excessive dissolved oxygen in condensate water and feedwater，and lagging regulation of the chemical dosing system. The proposed multi-dimensional risk prevention measures provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the optimal control of water-steam systems in coal-fired power enterprises during deep peak regulation operations.